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Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips in brightness to mag. +3.4, remaining dim for about 10 hours before returning to its original state.

Why the brightness change. The Algol system consists of at least three-stars (β Per A, β Per B and β Per C) with the orbital plane of Algol A and B directly in line with the Earth. The regular dips in brightness occur when the dimmer B star moves in front of and eclipses the brighter A star. There is also an extra dimension in that a secondary eclipse occurs when the brighter star occults the fainter secondary, resulting in a very small dip in brightness that can be detected with photo-electrical equipment.

Algol System (credit:- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy - Univ. of Tennessee at Knoxville)

M101 is a large face-on spiral galaxy located 22 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major. At magnitude +7.9, it can be glimpsed in binoculars or small telescopes from dark sites. However, this galaxy suffers from low surface brightness and in bad seeing conditions or light polluted areas is sometimes difficult to spot even with 200mm (8-inch) scopes. M101 is best seen from the Northern Hemisphere during the months of March, April and May.

M101 is also known as the Pinwheel galaxy and was discovered by Pierre Méchain on March 27, 1781. He described it as "nebula without star, very obscure and pretty large, 6' to 7' in diameter, between the left hand of Boötes and the tail of the great Bear." He communicated this to Charles Messier, who verified its position and then included it in his catalogue as one of the final entries.

Locating the part of sky where M101 is positioned is easy, since it's close to the handle of the bowl that forms the Plough or Big Dipper asterism of Ursa Major. The Pinwheel galaxy is located at one corner of an equatorial triangle formed with second magnitude stars Mizar (ζ UMa - mag. +2.2) and Alkaid (η UMa - mag. +1.8). M101 is 5.5 degrees east of Mizar (the celebrated naked eye double star) and 5.5 degrees northeast of Alkaid.

M101 The Pinwheel Galaxy (credit:- NASA/ESA/NOAO/AURA/NSF)

M81, also known as Bode's galaxy, is a large bright spiral galaxy located 11.8 million light-years away in the constellation of Ursa Major. With an apparent magnitude of +6.9, it's easily visible with binoculars and is a superb target for all sizes of telescopes. This galaxy is a striking example of a grand design spiral and exhibits near perfect and well defined spiral arms.

In the same binocular and low magnification telescope field of view as M81 is another prominent galaxy, M82. At mag. +8.4, M82 is fainter than M81 and a very different type of galaxy. It's a starburst galaxy, in which stars are been formed at exceptionally high rates. Also known as the Cigar galaxy, M82 is the prototype object and provides a striking contrast to the near perfect spiral shape of M81. Together, they form a popular visual and imaging target for amateur astronomers.

Both M81 and M82 were discovered by Johann Elert Bode on December 31, 1774. Pierre Mechain independently rediscovered them in August 1779. He reported his observations to Charles Messier who added them both to his catalogue on February 9, 1781.

Finding M81 is not particularly difficult as the famous Plough asterism of Ursa Major can be used as a starting point. First focus on Dubhe (α UMa - mag. +1.8), the northwest corner star of the bowl. The M81 / M82 pair is located 10 degrees to the northwest of this star with M82 positioned 38 arc minutes directly north of M81.

M81 spiral galaxy by the Hubble Space Telescope (credit:- NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA))

M31, the famous Andromeda Galaxy, is the largest member of the Local Group that also includes the Milky Way, the Triangulum Galaxy (M33) and about 50 other smaller galaxies. With an apparent mag. of +3.4, it's one of the brightest Messier objects and easily visible to the naked eye even from areas with a certain amount of light pollution. M31 is usually regarded as the most distant object that can be easily seen without optical aid.

The Andromeda Galaxy has been known for a long time. It was first recorded over 1000 years ago by Isfahan based Persian astronomer Abd-al-Rahman Al-Sufi. In 964 AD, he described it as the little cloud in his Book of Fixed Stars. This object was almost certainly known - for a number of years before this date - to other Persian astronomers. The first person to telescopically observe and describe M31, was German astronomer Simon Marius on December 15, 1612. Unaware of both Al Sufi's and Marius' discovery, Giovanni Batista Hodierna independently rediscovered the object sometime before 1654. Then on August 3, 1764, Charles Messier added the great spiral to his catalogue. Incidentally, Messier incorrectly credited Marius as the discoverer, apparently unaware of the earlier work of Al-Sufi.

The first item in the Messier catalogue is the famous Crab Nebula, a remnant of a supernova explosion observed and recorded by Chinese and Arab astronomers in 1054. The supernova itself was brilliant and with a peak magnitude of –7 was easily visible in daylight. Today, it still rates as one of the brightest natural stellar events ever recorded. Roll on 950+ years and the initial explosive has long since faded but the aftermath - the nebula - remains visible. At mag. +8.4 and with an apparent size of 7x5 arc minutes, it's a relatively easy target under dark skies and can be spotted with a pair of binoculars.

M1 is located in the zodiacal constellation of Taurus. It's not difficult to find as it's positioned just a degree northwest of mag. +3.0 star Zeta Tauri (ζ Tau). The remnant was first observed by John Bevis in 1731. Charles Messier observed it in September 1758 and the appearance of this dying remnant inspired him to begin compiling a list of nebulae that possibly could be mistaken for comets. The list eventually became his famous catalogue. The following century, William Parsons, the Third Earl of Rosse made a drawing of M1 (around 1844) and christened it the Crab Nebula due to its wispy filamentary structure.

M1 is best seen from the Northern Hemisphere during the months of November, December and January.

Albireo is a showpiece double star and one of the great small telescope objects. To the naked eye, it's the fifth brightest star in Cygnus (combined mag. +2.9) and the lone star that marks the head of "the Swan" constellation. When viewed through small scopes - or even good 10x50 binoculars - it splits into two components. The primary shines at mag. +3.1 (Albireo A) and the secondary at mag. +5.1 (Albireo B). The stars are separated by a generous 34.3 arc seconds, but what makes this special is the vivid colour contrast between the two components. A brilliant yellow primary, accompanied by a soft blue secondary.

Albireo is a striking double star through amateur telescopes (credit:- freestarcharts)

Andromeda
Andromedae
And
The Chained Woman

Introduction

Andromeda is located in the northern part of the sky away from the plane of the Milky Way. It was one of the original 48 constellations plotted by second century astronomer Ptolemy and remains today as one of the modern 88 constellations defined by the IAU (International Astronomical Union). Andromeda is named after the princess in Greek Mythology who was the daughter of King Cepheus and Queen Cassiopeia. Legend has it, she was chained to a rock on the coast to be sacrificed in order to save the land from the large sea monster, Cetus. Returning Perseus came across the shackled princess and lay in waiting for the monster, before killing it and then marrying the princess.

For amateurs, Andromeda contains one famous galaxy, many faint galaxies, a selection of nice double stars, a couple of bright open clusters, a few variable stars and a beautiful planetary nebula. The deep sky object that dominates the constellation is the spectacular Andromeda galaxy (M31), which is the largest member of our Local Group. At 2.54 Million light-years, it's the most distant object in the night sky that's easily visible with the naked eye.

Algol (β Per) is a bright eclipsing binary system located in the northern constellation of Perseus and one of the best-known variable stars in the sky. Often referred to as the "Demon Star", most of the time it shines at mag. +2.1 but every two days, 20 hours and 49 minutes it suddenly dips in brightness to mag. +3.4, remaining dim for about 10 hours before returning to its original state.

Why the brightness change. The Algol system consists of at least three-stars (β Per A, β Per B and β Per C) with the orbital plane of Algol A and B directly in line with the Earth. The regular dips in brightness occur when the dimmer B star moves in front of and eclipses the brighter A star. There is also an extra dimension in that a secondary eclipse occurs when the brighter star occults the fainter secondary, resulting in a very small dip in brightness that can be detected with photo-electrical equipment.

Algol System (credit:- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy - Univ. of Tennessee at Knoxville)

The Messier Catalogue is a famous catalogue in Astronomy. It consists of 110 deep sky objects, including open and globular star clusters, galaxies, nebulae, an asterism, a double star and even a supernova remnant. It was compiled in the 18th century by Charles Messier.

Messier was a comet hunter who was born in Badonviller, France on June 26, 1730. When searching for comets he was frustrated by fixed objects that looked like comets in the night sky but actually weren't. These fuzzy "comet" like objects hindered his searches so he catalogued them in order to avoid them in future.

The first version of his catalogue contained 45 objects and was published in 1774 in the journal of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Over the next 7 years he updated the catalogue and published the final version in 1781, containing 103 objects. Many of these objects he actually discovered himself.

On several different occasions between 1921 and 1966, astronomers and historians discovered evidence of another 7 deep-sky objects that were observed either by Messier or his friend and assistant, Pierre Mechain, shortly after the final version was published. These objects, numbered M104 to M110, are now accepted by astronomers as "official" Messier objects.